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List of tables
Table 1.1 Which leader represents worker interests best? (selected results
from question asked during survey in 2004 and 2008) 4
Table 1.2 How a shop steward should exercise his/her mandate (by
percentage) 21
Table 2.1 Provinces covered in the COSATU longitudinal study 34
Table 2.2 Employment by sector between 2005 and 2009 37
Table 2.3 COSATU Workers’ Survey researchers 1994, 1998, 2004 and
2008 40
Table 2.4 COSATU affiliate membership figures 2007–2011 47
Table 2.5 Age of COSATU members between 1994 and 2008 48
Table 2.6 Year in which respondents joined the unions 49
Table 2.7 Gender distribution of COSATU members 50
Table 2.8 Highest formal educational levels of COSATU members 50
Table 2.9 Occupational category as defined by companies 52
Table 2.10 Security of tenure of COSATU members 52
Table 3.1 Are you a member of the SACP? 65
Table 3.2 Which party are you going to vote for in the forthcoming
national elections? 68
Table 3.3 Cosatu has entered into an alliance with the ANC and
SACP to contest the elections. What do you think of this
arrangement? 69
Table 3.4 Classification of African regimes, end 2001 71
Table 3.5 African legislative election results, by ordinal number of
election, 1989-2006 73
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Table 3.6 South African post-transformation election results 73
Table 4.1 COSATU has entered into an alliance with the ANC and SACP.
What do you think of this arrangement? 97
Table 4.2 Do you think that this Alliance should continue and contest
the elections after 2009? 98
Table 4.3 Have any of the following services been provided or improved
since 2004 in your area? 99
Table 4.4 Which party are you going to vote for? 100
Table 4.5 When you decide to vote for a particular party, which is the
most important factor behind your decision? 100
Table 5.1 Have any of your shop stewards in the workplace been
promoted into managerial positions? 119
Table 5.2 Is it acceptable (i.e. do you approve) for shop stewards to be
promoted into management? 119
Table 7.1 Worker expectations in 1994 and assessment of access to
services, 1998, 2004 and 2008 149
Table 7.2 Perception of access to services by province, 2008 151
Table 7.3 Yes, these services have improved since 2004 elections. 152
Table 7.4 In which ONE of the following areas would you like to see
improvements after the 2009 elections? Select the most
important one only. 153
Table 7.5 Involvement in local government or community development
initiatives 155
Table 7.6 If the government to be elected fails to deliver, workers will:
(more than one possible) (percentages) 157
Table 7.7 COSATU affiliates on participation in mass action, if the
government fails to deliver (1998 to 2008) 158
Table 7.8 Participation in community protest action since 2004 by
gender 160
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Table 7.9 Have you participated in community protest action since 2004?
(by union) 161
Table 9.1 Attitudes towards violence during strikes (by COSATU
affiliate) 190
Table 10.1 Are you a migrant? 217
Table 10.2 Migrant workers by sector 217
Table 10.3 Migrant workers as a proportion of union membership 218
Table 10.4 Age categories of migrants and non-migrants 219
Table 10.5 Migrant worker by age and gender 219
Table 10.6 Proportion of migrants within each educational qualification
level 220
Table 10.7 Migrants as a proportion of COSATU members in each
occupational category (also by gender) 221
Table 10.8 Migrant workers’ security of tenure, including proportions of
migrant men and women in each category 222
Table 10.9 Service delivery: migrant worker responses by service
provision area (percentages) 223
List of figures
Figure 8.1 COSATU members’ support for the Tripartite Alliance,
1994–2008 179
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Abbreviations and acronyms
ANC African National Congress
ANCYL African National Congress Youth League
ANSA Artists for a new South Africa
AZAPO Azanian People’s Organisation
BBBEE Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment
BEE Black Economic Empowerment
CAX Coalition against Xenophobia
CAWU Construction and Allied Workers’ Union
CEPPWAWU Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied
Workers’ Union
COPE Congress of the People
COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions
CPP Convention People’s Party
CWIU Chemical Workers’ Industrial Union
CWU Communication Workers’ Union
CWUSA Council of Workers’ Union of South Africa
DA Democratic Alliance
DENOSA Democratic Nursing Organisation of South Africa
FAWU Food and Allied Workers’ Union
FOSATU Federation of South African Trade Unions
GEAR Growth, Employment and Redistribution
HOSPERSA Health and Other Service Personnel Trade Union of South
Africa
HSRC Human Sciences Research Council
ILO International Labour Organisation
IMF International Monetary Fund
LRA Labour Relations Act
MAWU Metal and Allied Workers’ Union
MDC Movement for Democratic Change
NALEDI National Labour and Economic Development Institute
NEDLAC National Economic Development and Labour Council
NEHAWU National Education, Health and Allied Workers’ Union
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NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development
NMMU Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University
NPP New Patriotic Party
NUM National Union of Mineworkers
NUMSA National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa
PAC Pan-Africanist Congress
PAWUSA Public and Allied Workers’ Union of South Africa
POPCRU Police and Prisons Civil Rights Union
PPWAWU Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers’ Union
RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme
SAAPAWU South African Agriculture, Plantation and Allied Workers’
Union
SACCAWU South African Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers’
Union
SACP South African Communist Party
SACTU South African Congress of Trade Unions
SACTWU Southern African Clothing and Textile Workers’ Union
SADC Southern African Development Community
SADNU South African Democratic Nurses’ Union
SADTU South African Democratic Teachers’ Union
SAFPU South African Football Players’ Union
SAMA South African Medical Association
SAMWU South African Municipal Workers’ Union
SARHWU South African Railway and Harbour Workers’ Union
SASAWU South African State and Allied Workers’ Union
SASBO South Africa Society of Banking Officials
SASFU South African Security Force Union
SATAWU South African Transport Workers’ Union
SATUCC Southern African Trade Union Coordinating Council
SETA Sector Education and Training Authority
StatsSA Statistics South Africa
SWOP Sociology of Work Unit
TGWU Transport and General Workers’ Union
TUC Trade Union Congress
TUCSA Trade Union Council of South Africa
UCT University of Cape Town
UDF United Democratic Front
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UDM United Democratic Movement
UFH University of Fort Hare
UIF Unemployment Insurance Fund
UJ University of Johannesburg
UKZN University of KwaZulu-Natal
UNIP United National Independent Party
UNISA University of South Africa
UP University of Pretoria
UPE University of Port Elizabeth (now NMMU)
UWC University of the Western Cape
WITS University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
WTO World Trade Organisation
ZANU-PF Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
ZCTU Zambian Congress of Trade Unions
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Preface
It has become a cliché to state that behind every book there is a story. But in
the case of this volume it is so true, and it is not just one story, but several
complex stories that are part of the larger social tapestry of a changing South
Africa. Two of these deserve special mention here so as to help readers navigate
their way through the pages that follow. The first is the story of a movement
that has inspired thousands of men and women in various occupations
to take charge of their lives by combining in trade unions across different
industries to defend life, limb and dignity in the face of an exploitative and
dehumanising socio-economic system. The Congress of South African Trade
Unions (COSATU) has come to symbolise the loftiest objectives and noblest
values and virtues of this movement and has earned the admiration of friend
and foe in its fight against all of forms of human exploitation and degradation.
The researchers who set out to conduct the first COSATU Workers’ Survey
in 1994 and all subsequent ones, including the 2008 one, were fascinated by
the commitment and fortitude of the activists and members who constituted
the movement. The contributors to this book share this fascination and
admiration for the labour movement’s role in the momentous events of the
last two decades in South Africa.
However, the discussion in the pages that follow is not about paying homage
to COSATU and the broader labour movement, nor is it about demonising
them. This takes us to the second story behind this book, which is about the
producers of social knowledge and the process of producing that knowledge.
The South African labour studies scholarly community may have become
smaller in numerical terms, but it has certainly become more diverse, more
robust and rigorous. As can be noted, the contributors to this book are drawn
from more diverse backgrounds in occupational, generational, gender and,
of course, racial backgrounds. That makes the discussion unpredictable, yet
deeper and more interesting. We found it both fascinating and somewhat
challenging to reconcile the different styles and approaches of the different
authors. But we enjoyed every minute of it and came out of the experience
wiser.
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This volume is about COSATU and its members and focuses particularly
on their understanding of union democracy and how that understanding is
transposed into the broader arena of politics and governance. The discussion
is based on quantitative data as well as qualitative interviews. The quantitative
data is gathered by means of a survey of a sample of COSATU members every
four years prior to the national government elections. The project has been
running since 1994 and we have used the same questionnaire, with some
minor modifications and additions. The data has enabled us to examine
trends in workers’ perceptions of workplace democracy, union politics and
South African politics in general. The richness of the data made it possible for
us to identify patterns of power and inequality and, by extension, the nature
of consensus and contestation, cooperation and conflict, within COSATU
and its allies, the ruling African National Congress and the South African
Communist Party.
This volume highlights the successes and opportunities, setbacks and
failures faced by South Africa’s largest trade union federation in the recent
period. Over the last decade and a half the successes included relatively
high membership densities in almost all sectors of the economy and
membership breakthroughs in new sectors that employed white-collar and
professional workers. In addition, COSATU’s strength and influence in
South African politics and the economy is undisputed. At the same time, this
volume illustrates that COSATU’s successes also come at a cost and that the
opportunities that present themselves are not always easy to take advantage
of. For example, the expansion of COSATU membership and the organisation
of workers from various occupational levels introduce new complexities to
the conceptualisation of working-class politics and unity. In a similar way, the
growth of women’s membership challenges the federation and its unions to
face up to questions of gender equality in the federation and its unions.
The 2008 COSATU Workers’ Survey was a collaborative effort among
researchers based at several South African universities, and Stephen Ellis,
formerly at the University of Leiden and now at the Free University of
Amsterdam. Many people have been immensely helpful in the process
of organising the project and gathering the data. We would like to thank
COSATU general secretary, Zwelinzima Vavi, for support and assistance in
facilitating access to all the unions. Our gratitude also goes to all the workers
and shop stewards who provided information to us. Many shop stewards,
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union officials, managers and company representatives played an important
role by assisting us with arrangements and access to enable our fieldworkers
to conduct the interviews within workplaces, most of them during working
hours. We would also like to acknowledge all the final year undergraduate
and postgraduate social science students, most of them from sociology, in
our respective universities who travelled to far-flung places to administer the
survey questionnaire to COSATU members.
The Sociology of Work Unit (SWOP) at the University of the Witwatersrand
hosted the initial phase of the project and facilitated the administrative
aspects. Their support is gratefully acknowledged. In Chapter 2, the full list
of the researchers involved in the 2008 survey is provided and we would like
to acknowledge all those who, for various reasons, were unable to contribute
chapters to this volume.
The 2008 project, including the participation of our Dutch research partner,
was funded by the South Africa Netherlands Research Programme on
Alternatives in Development (SANPAD) and we are grateful for their
assistance and support. The Faculties of Humanities at the University of
Pretoria provided financial support towards the production of this book and
we are grateful for their support.
At HSRC Press, Roshan Cader, Fiona Wakelin, the anonymous reviewers,
Samantha Hoaeane and Liz Sparg made the experience of producing this book
a pleasant and collegial one.
Finally, we would like to thank our families and friends for their love and
support throughout the duration of this project.

Sakhela Buhlungu and Malehoko Tshoaedi
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